Rose Parks

Rosa Parks Legacy

Diversity Room

Mother of the Movement

Rose Parks

Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African-American civil rights activist, whom the U.S. Congress called "the first lady of civil rights", and "the mother of the freedom movement".On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks, age 42, refused to obey bus driver James Blake's order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger. While her action was not the first of its kind to impact the civil rights issue (see also Lizzie Jennings in 1854, Irene Morgan in 1946, Sarah Louise Keys in 1955, Claudette Colvin on the same bus system nine months before Parks), Parks' individual action of civil disobedience created further impact by sparking the Montgomery Bus Boycott.Parks' act of defiance became an important symbol of the modern Civil Rights Movement and Parks became an international icon of resistance to racial segregation. She organized and collaborated with civil rights leaders, including boycott leader Martin Luther King, Jr., helping to launch him to national prominence in the civil rights movement.At the time of her action, Parks was secretary of the Montgomery chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and had recently attended the Highlander Folk School, a Tennessee center for workers' rights and racial equality. Nonetheless, she took her action as a private citizen "tired of giving in". Although widely honored in later years for her action, she suffered for it, losing her job as a seamstress in a local department store. Eventually, she moved to Detroit, Michigan, where she found similar work. From 1965 to 1988 she served as secretary and receptionist to African-American U.S. Representative John Conyers. After retirement from this position, she wrote an autobiography and lived a largely private life in Detroit. In her final years she suffered from dementia, and became involved in a lawsuit filed on her behalf against American hip-hop duo OutKast.Parks eventually received many honors ranging from the 1979 Spingarn Medal to the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Congressional Gold Medal and a posthumous statue in the United States Capitol's National Statuary Hall. Her death in 2005 was a major story in the United States' leading newspapers. She was granted the posthumous honor of lying in honor at the Capitol Rotunda.

A 43-year-old civil rights activist, Rosa Parks, refuses to give up her seat on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama, and is arrested. Parks' arrest inspires black leaders to mount a one-day bus boycott. With the help of Jo Ann Robinson of the Women's Political Council, 40,000 people are organized in just two days.

Clifford Ray Smith Sitting with Rosa Park Statue

Dallas, Texas

Al Sharpton


Alfred Charles "Al" Sharpton, Jr. (born October 3, 1954) is an American Baptist minister, civil rights activist, and radio talk show host

Al Sharpton

A Mother daughter came home crying she said mother I feel like giving up she said I have so much pressure I feel like I m going to burst. The mother took her hand and smiled at her and escorted her to the kitchen. As the mother hum she picks up 3 pots filled them with water and set them to boil for 20 Min. She instructed her daughter to put eggs in the 1st pot, carrots in the 2nd pot, coffee beans in the 3rd pot. after 20 min the mother told her daughter to remove each item and put it in bowls and make two cups of coffee. What does this mean mother, the daughter said. The mother said each of these items represent you. Each went through Diversity because they all are under the same pressure. The egg with a weak fluid interior went in the water pure and with pressure , unborn to diversity made it came out hard unable to grow love to give or share because something or someone destroyed it with pressure. The carrot went in hard strong and when the pressure came it also went through a change. It gotten soft and weak. The coffee the mother made two cups of coffee and sat down beside her daughter and said the coffee also went through the same pressure however with the coffee it changed the water under the same pressure. The mother said now smell it , taste it, when the daughter tasted the coffee she smiled. Now the mother said today in diversity which of these three things you want to be. A egg, A carrot or a coffee bean coming out of the pot!

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Civil Rights

Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from unwarranted infringement by governments and private organizations, and ensure one's ability to participate in the civil and political life of the state without discrimination or repression.Civil rights include the ensuring of peoples' physical integrity and safety; protection from discrimination on grounds such as physical or mental disability, gender, religion, race, national origin, age, sexual orientation, or gender identity; and individual rights such as privacy, the freedoms of thought and conscience, speech and expression, religion, the press, and movement.Political rights include natural justice (procedural fairness) in law, such as the rights of the accused, including the right to a fair trial; due process; the right to seek redress or a legal remedy; and rights of participation in civil society and politics such as freedom of association, the right to assemble, the right to petition, the right of self-defense, and the right to vote.Civil and political rights form the original and main part of international human rights. They comprise the first portion of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (with economic, social and cultural rights comprising the second portion). The theory of three generations of human rights considers this group of rights to be "first-generation rights", and the theory of negative and positive rights considers them to be generally negative rights.The phrase "civil rights" is a translation of Latin ius civis (rights of citizens). Roman citizens could be either free (libertas) or servile (servitus), but they all had rights in law. After the Edict of the Milan in 313, these rights included the freedom of religion. Roman legal doctrine was lost during the Middle Ages, but claims of universal rights could still be made based on religious doctrine. According to the leaders of Kett's Rebellion (1549), "all bond men may be made free, for God made all free with his precious blood-shedding."In the 17th century, English common law judge Sir Edward Coke revived the idea of rights based on citizenship by arguing that Englishman had historically enjoyed such rights The English Bill of Rights was adopted in 1689. The Virginia Declaration of Rights, by George Mason and James Madison, was adopted in 1776. The Virginia declaration is the direct ancestor and model for the U.S. Bill of Rights (1789).In early 19th century Britain, the phrase "civil rights" most commonly referred to the problem of legal discrimination against Catholics. In the House of Commons support for the British civil rights movement was divided, many more largely known politicians supported the discrimination towards Catholics. Independent MPs (such as Lewis Eves and Matthew Mountford) applied pressure on the larger parties to pass the civil rights act of the 1920s.In the 1860s, Americans adapted this usage to newly freed blacks. Congress enacted civil rights acts in 1866, 1871, 1875, 1957, 1960, 1964, 1968, and 1991.

Civil Rights Movement

in the

United States

The Civil Rights Movement in the United States was a long, primarily nonviolent struggle to bring full civil rights and equality under the law to all Americans. The movement has had a lasting impact on United States society, in its tactics, the increased social and legal acceptance of civil rights, and in its exposure of the prevalence and cost of racism.The American Civil Rights movement has been made up of many movements. The term usually refers to the political struggles and reform movements between 1945 and 1970 to end discrimination against African Americans and other disadvantaged groups and to end legal racial segregation, especially in the U.S. South.This article focuses on an earlier phase of the struggle. Two United States Supreme Court decisions—Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), which upheld "separate but equal" racial segregation as constitutional doctrine, and Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) which overturned Plessy — serve as milestones. This was an era of stops and starts, in which some movements, such as Marcus Garvey's Universal Negro Improvement Association, were very successful but left little lasting legacy, while others, such as the NAACP's painstaking legal assault on state-sponsored segregation, achieved modest results in its early years but made steady progress on voter rights and gradually built to a key victory in Brown v. Board of Education (1954).After the Civil War, the U. S. expanded the legal rights of African Americans. Congress passed, and enough states ratified, an amendment ending slavery in 1865—the 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution. This amendment only outlawed slavery; it provided neither citizenship nor equal rights. In 1868, the 14th Amendment was ratified by the states, granting African Americans citizenship. All persons born in the U. S. were extended equal protection under the laws of the Constitution. The 15th Amendment (ratified in 1870) stated that race could not be used as a condition to deprive men of the ability to vote. During Reconstruction (1865–1877), Northern troops occupied the South. Together with the Freedmen's Bureau, they tried to administer and enforce the new constitutional amendments. Many black leaders were elected to local and state offices, and many others organized community groups, especially to support education.Reconstruction ended following the Compromise of 1877 between Northern and Southern white elites. In exchange for deciding the contentious Presidential election in favor of Rutherford B. Hayes, supported by Northern states, over his opponent, Samuel J. Tilden, the compromise called for the withdrawal of Northern troops from the South. This followed violence and fraud in southern elections from 1868-1876, which had reduced black voter turnout and enabled Southern white Democrats to regain power in state legislatures across the South. The compromise and withdrawal of Federal troops meant that white Democrats had more freedom to impose and enforce discriminatory practices. Many African Americans responded to the withdrawal of federal troops by leaving the South in what is known as the Kansas Exodus of 1879.The Radical Republicans, who spearheaded Reconstruction, had attempted to eliminate both governmental and private discrimination by legislation. That effort was largely ended by the Supreme Court's decision in the Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883), in which the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment did not give Congress power to outlaw racial discrimination by private individuals or businesses.

• 1 Key events
• 2 Segregation
  • 2.1 Paul Robeson addresses segregation in Major League Baseball, 1943
  • 2.2 Jackie Robinson’s Major League Baseball debut, 1947
• 3 Political opposition
  • 3.1 Lily-White Movement
  • 3.2 Disfranchisement
• 4 Criminal law and lynching
• 5 Segregated economic life and education
• 6 The Black church
• 7 The Niagara Movement and the founding of the NAACP
• 8 The American Jewish community and the civil rights movement
• 9 "The New Negro"
• 10 Marcus Garvey and the UNIA
• 11 The Labor movement and civil rights
• 12 The Left and civil rights
• 13 The Scottsboro Boys
• 14 The NAACP
• 15 The Regional Council of Negro Leadership: Laying a Civil Rights Foundation
• 16 See also
• 17 References
• 18 Further reading
• 19 External links
• 1 Background
• 2 Mass action replacing litigation
• 3 Key events
  • 3.1 Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
  • 3.2 Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955–1956
  • 3.3 Desegregating Little Rock, 1957
  • 3.4 Sit-ins, 1960
  • 3.5 Freedom Rides, 1961
  • 3.6 Voter registration organizing
  • 3.7 Integration of Mississippi universities, 1956–1965
  • 3.8 Albany Movement, 1961–1962
  • 3.9 Birmingham Campaign, 1963–1964
  • 3.10 March on Washington, 1963
  • 3.11 St. Augustine, Florida, 1963–1964
  • 3.12 Mississippi Freedom Summer, 1964
  • 3.13 Civil Rights Act of 1964
  • 3.14 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 1964
  • 3.15 Dr. King Awarded Nobel Peace Prize
  • 3.16 Boycott of New Orleans by American Football League players, January 1965
  • 3.17 Selma and the Voting Rights Act, 1965
  • 3.18 Memphis, King assassination and the Poor People's March, 1968
• 4 Other issues
  • 4.1 Avoiding the "Communist" label
  • 4.2 Kennedy administration, 1961–1963
  • 4.3 American Jewish community and the Civil Rights movement
  • 4.4 Fraying of alliances
  • 4.5 Race riots, 1963–1970
  • 4.6 Black power, 1966
• 5 Prison reform
  • 5.1 Gates v. Collier
• 6 Cold War
• 7 Documentary films
• 8 Activist organizations
• 9 See also
  • 9.1 General
  • 9.2 Activists
    • 9.2.1 Related activists and artists
• 10 References
• 11 Further reading
• 12 External links

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